Business modelFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe term business model describes a broad range of informal and formal models that are used by enterprises to represent various aspects of business, such as operational processes, organizational structures, and financial forecasts. Although the term can be traced to the 1950s, it achieved mainstream usage only in the 1990s. Many informal definitions of the term can be found in popular business literature, such as the following:
| “ | A business model is a conceptual tool that contains a big set of elements and their relationships and allows expressing the business logic of a specific firm. It is a description of the value a company offers to one or several segments of customers and of the architecture of the firm and its network of partners for creating, marketing, and delivering this value and relationship capital, to generate profitable and sustainable revenue streams. | ” | | — Ostenwalder, Pigneur and Tucci (2005)
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More recently, researchers build definitions based on economic and organizational theories and show that the definitions are econometrically sound. For example, Malone, et al. (2006)at MIT propose an operational definition of business model, based on theories such as those from transaction cost economics. Zott and Amit (2002) from INSEAD and Wharton based their definition on boundary-spanning transactions.
Components of a business model
Many different conceptualizations of business models exist (Chesbrough and Rosenbloom 2000; Hamel 2000; Linder and Cantrell 2000; Petrovic, Kittl et al.; Weill and Vitale 2001; Gordijn 2002; Afuah and Tucci 2003; Osterwalder 2004; Fetscherin & Knolmayer 2005). They all have various degrees of resemblance or difference. The model proposed by Osterwalder (2004) synthesises the different conceptualizations into a single reference model based on the similarities of a large range of models. The author's conceptualization describes a business model as consisting of nine related business model building blocks. Thus, a business model describes a company's business:
Infrastructure
- core capabilities: The capabilities and competencies necessary to execute a company's business model.
- partner network: The business alliances which complement other aspects of the business model.
- value configuration: The rationale which makes a business mutually beneficial for a business and its customers.
Offering
Customers
- target customer: The target audience for a business' products and services.
- distribution channel: The means by which a company delivers products and services to customers. This includes the company's marketing and distribution strategy.
- customer relationship: The links a company establishes between itself and its different customer segments. The process of managing customer relationships is referred to as customer relationship management.
Finances
- cost structure: The monetary consequences of the means employed in the business model. A company's DOC.
- revenue: The way a company makes money through a variety of revenue flows. A company's income.
These 9 business model building blocks constitute a business model design template which allows companies to describe their business model.
Evolution
A brief history of the development of business models might run as follows. The oldest and most basic business model is the shop keeper model. This involves setting up a store in a location where potential customers are likely to be and displaying a product or service.
Over the years, business models have become much more sophisticated. The bait and hook business model (also referred to as the "razor and blades business model" or the "tied products business model") was introduced in the early 20th century. This involves offering a basic product at a very low cost, often at a loss (the "bait"), then charging compensatory recurring amounts for refills or associated products or services (the "hook"). Examples include: razor (bait) and blades (hook); cell phones (bait) and air time (hook); computer printers (bait) and ink cartridge refills (hook); and cameras (bait) and prints (hook). An interesting variant of this model is a software developer that gives away its word processor reader for free but charges several hundred dollars for its word processor writer.
In the 1950s new business models came from McDonald's Restaurants and Toyota. In the 1960s the innovators were Wal-Mart and Hypermarkets. The 1970s saw new business models from FedEx and Toys R Us; the 1980s from Blockbuster, Home Depot, Intel, and Dell Computer; the 1990s from Southwest Airlines, Netflix, eBay, Amazon.com, and Starbucks. Poorly thought out business models were a problem with many dot-coms.
Today, the type of business models might depend on how technology is used. For example, entrepreneurs on the internet have also created entirely new models that depend entirely on existing or emergent technology. Using technology, businesses can reach a large number of customers with minimal costs.
Example business models over the years
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商业模式是一个比较新的名词。尽管它第一次出现在50年代，但直到90年代才开始被广泛使用和传播。今天，虽然这一名词出现的频度极高，关于它的定义仍然没有一个权威的版本。Osterwalder, Pigneur and Tucci (2005) 在翻阅了大量文献后给出的定义为：
商业模式是一种包含了一系列要素及其关系的概念性工具，用以阐明某个特定实体的商业逻辑。它描述了公司所能为客户提供的价值以及公司的内部结构、合作伙伴网络和关系资本（Relationship Capital）等用以实现（创造、推销和交付）这一价值并产生可持续盈利收入的要素。
人们在文献中使用商业模式这一名词的时候，往往模糊了两种不同的含义：一类作者简单地用它来指公司如何从事商业的具体方法和途径，另一类作者则更强调模型方面的意义。 这两者实质上是有所不同的：前者泛指一个公司从事商业的方式，而后者指的是这种方式的概念化。后一观点的支持者们提出了一些由要素及其之间关系构成的参考模型（Reference Model），用以描述公司的商业模式。
有一群人正在写一本关于商业模式的设计和创新（Business Model Design and Innovation）的wiki书籍，以把商业模式的概念同设计和创新连接起来。
商业模式的概念
商业模式的概念化有很多版本。它们之间有着不同程度的相似和差异。Osterwalder (2004) 在综合了各种概念的共性的基础上，提出了一个包含九个要素的参考模型。这些要素包括：
- 价值主张（Value Proposition）：即公司通过其产品和服务所能向消费者提供的价值。价值主张确认了公司对消费者的实用意义。
- 消费者目标群体（Target Customer Segments）：即公司所瞄准的消费者群体。这些群体具有某些共性，从而使公司能够（针对这些共性）创造价值。定义消费者群体的过程也被称为市场划分（Market Segmentation）。
- 分销渠道（Distribution Channels）：即公司用来接触消费者的各种途径。这里阐述了公司如何开拓市场。它涉及到公司的市场和分销策略。
- 客户关系（Customer Relationships）：即公司同其消费者群体之间所建立的联系。我们所说的客户关系管理（Customer Relationship Management）即与此相关。
- 价值配置（Value Configurations）：即资源和活动的配置。
- 核心能力（Core Capabilities）：即公司执行其商业模式所需的能力和资格。
- 合作伙伴网络（Partner Network）：即公司同其他公司之间为有效地提供价值并实现其商业化而形成的合作关系网络。这也描述了公司的商业联盟（Business Alliances）范围。
- 成本结构（Cost Structure）：即所使用的工具和方法的货币描述。
- 收入模型（Revenue Model）：即公司通过各种收入流（Revenue Flow）来创造财富的途径。
商业模式的设计是商业策略（Business Strategy）的一个组成部分。而将商业模式实施到公司的组织结构（包括机构设置、工作流和人力资源等）及系统（包括IT架构和生产线等）中去则是商业运作（Business Operations）的一部分。这里必须要清楚区分两个容易混淆的名词：业务建模（Business Modeling）通常指的是在操作层面上的业务流程设计（Business Process Design）；而商业模式和商业模式设计指的则是在公司战略层面上对商业逻辑（Business Logic）的定义。
商业模式的类型
一般地说，服务业的商业模式要比制造业和零售业的商业模式更复杂。最古老也是最基本的商业模式就是“店铺模式（Shopkeeper Model）”，具体点说，就是在具有潜在消费者群的地方开设店铺并展示其产品或服务。
一个商业模式，是对一个组织如何行使其功能的描述，是对其主要活动的提纲挈领的概括。它定义了公司的客户、产品和服务。它还提供了有关公司如何组织以及创收和盈利的信息。商业模式与（公司）战略一起，主导了公司的主要决策。商业模式还描述了公司的产品、服务、客户市场以及业务流程。
今天，大多数的商业模式都要依赖于技术。互联网上的创业者们发明了许多全新的商业模式，这些商业模式完全依赖于现有的和新兴的技术。利用技术，企业们可以以最小的代价，接触到更多的消费者。
随着时代的进步，商业模式也变得越来越精巧。“饵与钩（Bait and Hook）”模式——也称为“剃刀与刀片”（Razor and Blades）模式，或是“搭售”（Tied Products）模式——出现在二十世纪早期年代。在这种模式里，基本产品的出售价格极低，通常处于亏损状态；而与之相关的消耗品或是服务的价格则十分昂贵。比如说，剃须刀（饵）和刀片（钩），手机（饵）和通话时间（钩），打印机（饵）和墨盒（钩），相机（饵）和照片（钩），等等。这个模式还有一个很有趣的变形：软件开发者们免费发放他们的文本阅读器，但是对其文本编辑器的定价却高达几百美金。
在50年代，新的商业模式是由麦当劳（McDonald’s）和丰田汽车（Toyota）创造的；60年代的创新者则是沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）和混合式超市（Hypermarkets，指超市和仓储式销售合二为一的超级商场）；到了70年代，新的商业模式则出现在FedEx快递和Toys R US玩具商店的经营里；80年代是Blockbuster，Home Depot，Intel和Dell；90年代则是西南航空（Southwest Airlines），Netflix，eBay，Amazon.com和辛巴克咖啡（Starbucks）。而没有经过深思熟虑的商业模式则是许多dot-com的一个严重问题。
每一次商业模式的革新都能给公司带来一定时间内的竞争优势。但是随着时间的改变，公司必须不断地重新思考它的商业设计。随着（消费者的）价值取向从一个工业转移到另一个工业，公司必须不断改变它们的商业模式。一个公司的成败与否最终取决于它的商业设计是否符合了消费者的优先需求。
有一些学者和专家曾尝试过对商业模式进行系统的分类。最早进行这一尝试的人里有Timmers和Rappa。
与商业模式有关的文章
翻译出处：拙尘 @ yeeyan.com |
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